Deventer - The Netherlands

River IJssel, sometimes called Gelderse IJssel ("Gelderland IJssel") to avoid confusion with its Hollandse IJssel namesake in the west of the Netherlands, is a branch of the Rhine in the Dutch provinces of Gelderland and Overijssel. River IJssel flows from Westervoort, east of the city of Arnhem, until it discharges into the IJsselmeer ("Lake IJssel", until the 1932 completion of the Afsluitdijk known as the Zuiderzee, a North Sea inlet). River IJssel is one of the three major distributary branches into which the Rhine divides itself shortly after crossing the German-Dutch border, the other two being the rivers Nederrijn and Waal.

The IJssel as the lower part of the Oude IJssel

The IJssel was the lower part of the small river Oude IJssel (lit. "Old IJssel", German Issel), that rises in Germany and is now a 70 km long tributary of the IJssel. The connection between Rhine and IJssel was probably artificial, allegedly dug by men under the Roman general Nero Claudius Drusus as a defence against Germanic tribes and to let Roman ships carry troops along it. The current Oude IJssel is the second-largest contributor to the flow of the river until today, after river Rhine.The source of the Oude IJssel is near Borken in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. First it flows south-west until it nearly reaches the Rhine near Wesel; then it turns north-west. After passing through Isselburg it crosses the border with the Netherlands. The river, called Oude IJssel from here, then flows through Doetinchem and joins the IJssel at Doesburg.
The average discharge of the IJssel can change significantly. The average discharge has been stated as 300 cubic meters per second. This can be as low as 140 and as high as 1800, depending on the Nederrijn locks west of Arnhem, which regulate the amount of water taken in by the Nederrijn and IJssel branches.
As a lowlands river, the IJssel has a lot of bends and naturally occurring dead branches (locally called "hank"); some bends have been cut off by man (most notably near Rheden and Doesburg), reducing the river's length from 146 km to 125 km, but not nearly as radically as with river Meuse. The naturally occurring phenomenon of sedimental island-forming in the outside of bends has been regulated to the point of non-occurrence since the late nineteenth century.

The IJssel as a Rhine distributary

From the moment the connection between the Rhine and IJssel was dug, the Rhine became the largest contributor to the flow of the IJssel, although only a relatively small amount of the total Rhine flow makes its way into the IJssel system. Various tributaries can sometimes add a considerable volume of water to the total flow of the IJssel, such as the Berkel and Schipbeek streams. The IJssel river is the only branch of the Rhine delta that takes up tributary rivers rather than giving rise to distributaries.

The IJssel delta

Only in the last few miles of the river's run, near the city of Kampen, distributaries form, resulting in the relatively minor IJssel delta. Some of the branches have been dammed up to lower the risk of flooding; others have silted up. Several of the delta branches are, however, still connected without interruption. Most of the damming-up was done prior to 1932, when the Zuiderzee was turned into the freshwater IJsselmeer lake. The area had been prone to flooding in times of northwestern gales, pushing back the saline Zuiderzee water into the IJssel delta and preventing the water flowing from the mouths of the IJssel branches from discharging into the Zuiderzee.
The modern-day names of the delta branches are, west to east, Keteldiep, Kattendiep, Noorddiep, Ganzendiep and Goot. Of these, the Keteldiep and Kattendiep channels are the main navigational arteries; the Noorddiep has been closed off at both sides. Another branch, De Garste, had already completely silted up by the middle of the nineteenth century. Until the beginning of the twentieth century, the Ganzendiep branch up to the Goot fork was known as IJssel proper. Due to it being the historical main channel, with the present-day main channel being called Regtediep or Rechterdiep until well into the twentieth century.
The IJssel, although now technically "merely" a Rhine branch, has retained most of the character of a distinct river in its own right, in no small part due to the fact that it has its own tributaries and, in river Oude IJssel, even a former headstream.

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		Deventer the Netherlands (eu)

Introduction Deventer, a hanseatic town, in the east of the Netherlands on the river IJssel. Deventer is surrounded by a river landscape. There are 96,500 people living in Deventer; a great part of them inhabiting the districts around the city centre. Some of the bigger factories are AKZO (chemicals), Nefit (central heating), Auping (beds), Kluwer (publisher), Roto Smeets (magazine printing), Stegeman (meat industry), United Biscuits en Diary Foods. There are over 7000 students living and studying at Saxion Universities of Applied Sciences (Bachelor and Master degrees) in Deventer. The language is Dutch, a West Germanic language spoken by about 25 million people worldwide. You will probably not understand one word of it but don't worry; Dutch people speak English and are very happy to use it. Deventer is to reach by train. If you take the train from Amsterdam or Amsterdam Airport (Schiphol), it takes you just over an hour to get to Deventer.
City wall	Bokkingshang	A few from the top	Vispoort
History The history of Deventer starts around 765 with the foundation of a mission post close to the river IJssel. The river IJssel (Gelderland IJssel or, as distinct from the IJssel, Low Saxon: Iessel) is a Dutch branch of the Rhine. They stroke in Westervoort east of Arnhem on the Rhine, which flows northeast and then north to the IJsselmeer Ketelmeer respectively. It was meant as a base and fulcrum of conversion tours to the countryside east of the IJssel where the Saxons lived. Emperor Charlemagne wanted expand his empire. He wanted the Saxons convert to Christianity and he wanted to gain control of trade routes. Deventer counts as one of the oldest cities in the Netherlands and in correspondence from 806 there is spoken of the small settlement along the river IJssel. In some stories it is said that Deventer got his name by the influence of the English missionaire Lebuïnus (Liafwin). After the destruction of the big trade post “Dorestad” in the middle of the 9the century a number of merchants escaped to Deventer. The small village became a flourishing trade post. The comfort attracted the Vikings. In 882, the Normans destroyed Deventer. During the rebuilding Deventer got his defence walls. The remainder of the brick wall can still be seen in Deventer. Deventer received city rights in 956. In 1334, a big fire destroyed two/third of the city. At the end of the thirteen century, Deventer became a hanseatic city. Especially the trade with Bergen (Norway) and Schonen (Sweden) became important. Deventer reached her prime time as third trade centre after Antwerp and Amsterdam in the 14/15 century. Book printing became an understanding. Since Deventer is one of the oldest towns in the Netherlands (768) it does not come as a surprise that the oldest brick private house is to be found there, in the Sandrasteeg to be precise. Deventer was a prominent member of the hanseatic League. In the middle Ages merchants from every corner of Europe flocked to this town to attend the annual fairs. It is in this period that the present town centre finds its origin. Several historic monuments, such as, for instance, the building ‘De Drie Haringen’ (The Three Herrings), recall the old Hanseatic days of yore. Over the last thirty years the city of Deventer has devoted a lot of attention to the renovation and conservation of the historic town centre. The old street pattern is virtually unchanged and hundreds of monumental buildings have been restored, often furnished with newly decorated windows or new facades. But there are definitely new buildings as well; some of which are designed to blend in with the historic background, others that are completely modernising. Deventer is the place of birth of Geert Groote and home to his Brethren of the Common Life, a school of religious thought that was of great influence on Thomas a Kempis and Erasmus in later times.				My birthplace Nieuwstraat 42
Bergkerk
World War II In its long history, Deventer has seen very few military engagements but her industrial area and harbour were bombed heavily during World War II. Luckily, her city centre was largely spared and the city has a scenery which has remained largely unchanged for the past few centuries. A female Jewish poet and writer, Etty Hillesum, lived in Deventer during the war before being deported to Auschwitz. Deventer has been somewhat popular with the film industry; the famous film A Bridge Too Far shot all of her scenes taking place in nearby Arnhem in Deventer as Arnhem itself no longer had a historic center.
Koekhuis	Lebuinuskerk	Bergschild	Walstraat	Rijkmanstraat

Deventer is a versatile city A town on a river always has a certain atmosphere, life is good when you are living near a river! The river IJssel has been an important factor in creating the surrounding landscape. A walking tour is a perfect way of getting to know the town, especially because the guidebooks contain extensive information about what has happened here throughout the ages. Warehouses, merchants’ houses, defensive works, city walls, you name it - it’s all there. But there is also attention for recent history. There are many interesting things to be seen in Deventer. In the first place there are the museums: the Historical Museum Deventer and the nationally well-known Toys & Tinmuseum. But there are much, much more; far too many sights to squeeze into one single day. There is, for instance, the Great Church (also known as the Lebuïnus Church) and its tower, the beautifully historic City Hall, het Bergkwartier (the district surrounding the Bergkerk, a church placed on a hillock), het Noordenbergkwartier (a very old quarter), the Broederenkerk (another great church), the Etty Hillesum Centre, the Vogeleiland, and so on. And always there is the river IJssel, making the location of this town and its surroundings unique. A visit to Deventer is not complete without taking a stroll or just relaxing by the riverside. A foot-passenger ferry can take you quickly across the river to yet another wonderful scenic area (consisting of a park called Het Worpplantsoen and the Ossenwaard). On this side of the river one can also find an authentic windmill, De Bolwerksmolen. Deventer is still a market-town; every Friday and Saturday there is a market on the town square De Brink. There are many cafes and restaurants, situated around the town square De Brink, Het Grote Kerkhof (the Great Church square), or in the before mentioned Bergkwartier-district.				Professional soccer Go Ahead Eagles 1ste division Indoor ice skating

Festivals A few times a year there are some festivities. There is a medieval festival called “Op Den Berghe” (always held on Ascension Day), the “Deventer Summer Fun Fair” (first week of June), the International Street Theatre Festival “Deventer On Stilts” (for three days in early July), and of course, last but not least, the ‘The Deventer Book Fair, the Largest annual book market in Europe’ (held on the first Sunday of August - Deventer has a long tradition in book printing.). Furthermore there is the arrival of St. Nicholas by boat on December 5, a typically Dutch tradition, and around Christmas there are Season’s festivities like the Charles Dickens Festival. Whenever one thinks of Deventer the traditional Deventer Cake springs to mind. For over five centuries this cake has personified Deventer’s hospitality. Het Deventer Koekhuisje (the Deventer Cake shop -1598) on the town square De Brink has always plenty of Deventer Cake in store. Deventer On Stilts The international festival ‘Deventer Op Stelten’ (Deventer On Stilts) takes place from Friday evening 1st of July until Sunday 3rd of July 2011. During three days the historical city centre of Deventer will be the background of high scale streettheatre, theatre on stilts and large scale shows high in the air. On the program this year Compagnie Carabosse (France), Générik Vapeur (France), Delreves (Spain), Teatro Taller de Colombia (Colombia), Close-Act (Netherlands), Chabatz d’Entrar (France), Irrwisch (Austria), TUIG (Netherlands), several special festival productions and an unique artproject. The entrance of the festival is free. ‘Deventer Op Stelten’ takes place on Friday evening from 20.30-24.00h, on Saturday from 12.00-17.00h and 20.30-24.00h and on Sunday from 12.00-17.00h. In June the complete program will be announced on the internet and the festival magazine will be published. Thanks to Gemeente Deventer, Provincie Overijssel, sponsor participation of companies in Deventer and surrounded cities, national and regional founding’s, for example Fonds Podiumkunsten and the Prins Bernard Cultuurfonds Overijssel.				[up]
				More about Deventer >>>>>> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deventer http//www.vvvdeventer.nl/engels/index.htm www.deventer.nl www.sied.nl
Brink
	IJsselfront		Lower Wellepad
		New buildings near the station		City hall
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	the river IJssel 1567	the river IJssel (From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia)

River IJssel, sometimes called Gelderse IJssel ("Gelderland IJssel") to avoid confusion with its Hollandse IJssel namesake in the west of the Netherlands, is a branch of the Rhine in the Dutch provinces of Gelderland and Overijssel. River IJssel flows from Westervoort, east of the city of Arnhem, until it discharges into the IJsselmeer ("Lake IJssel", until the 1932 completion of the Afsluitdijk known as the Zuiderzee, a North Sea inlet). River IJssel is one of the three major distributary branches into which the Rhine divides itself shortly after crossing the German-Dutch border, the other two being the rivers Nederrijn and Waal. The IJssel as the lower part of the Oude IJssel The IJssel was the lower part of the small river Oude IJssel (lit. "Old IJssel", German Issel), that rises in Germany and is now a 70 km long tributary of the IJssel. The connection between Rhine and IJssel was probably artificial, allegedly dug by men under the Roman general Nero Claudius Drusus as a defence against Germanic tribes and to let Roman ships carry troops along it. The current Oude IJssel is the second-largest contributor to the flow of the river until today, after river Rhine.The source of the Oude IJssel is near Borken in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. First it flows south-west until it nearly reaches the Rhine near Wesel; then it turns north-west. After passing through Isselburg it crosses the border with the Netherlands. The river, called Oude IJssel from here, then flows through Doetinchem and joins the IJssel at Doesburg. The average discharge of the IJssel can change significantly. The average discharge has been stated as 300 cubic meters per second. This can be as low as 140 and as high as 1800, depending on the Nederrijn locks west of Arnhem, which regulate the amount of water taken in by the Nederrijn and IJssel branches. As a lowlands river, the IJssel has a lot of bends and naturally occurring dead branches (locally called "hank"); some bends have been cut off by man (most notably near Rheden and Doesburg), reducing the river's length from 146 km to 125 km, but not nearly as radically as with river Meuse. The naturally occurring phenomenon of sedimental island-forming in the outside of bends has been regulated to the point of non-occurrence since the late nineteenth century. The IJssel as a Rhine distributary From the moment the connection between the Rhine and IJssel was dug, the Rhine became the largest contributor to the flow of the IJssel, although only a relatively small amount of the total Rhine flow makes its way into the IJssel system. Various tributaries can sometimes add a considerable volume of water to the total flow of the IJssel, such as the Berkel and Schipbeek streams. The IJssel river is the only branch of the Rhine delta that takes up tributary rivers rather than giving rise to distributaries. The IJssel delta Only in the last few miles of the river's run, near the city of Kampen, distributaries form, resulting in the relatively minor IJssel delta. Some of the branches have been dammed up to lower the risk of flooding; others have silted up. Several of the delta branches are, however, still connected without interruption. Most of the damming-up was done prior to 1932, when the Zuiderzee was turned into the freshwater IJsselmeer lake. The area had been prone to flooding in times of northwestern gales, pushing back the saline Zuiderzee water into the IJssel delta and preventing the water flowing from the mouths of the IJssel branches from discharging into the Zuiderzee. The modern-day names of the delta branches are, west to east, Keteldiep, Kattendiep, Noorddiep, Ganzendiep and Goot. Of these, the Keteldiep and Kattendiep channels are the main navigational arteries; the Noorddiep has been closed off at both sides. Another branch, De Garste, had already completely silted up by the middle of the nineteenth century. Until the beginning of the twentieth century, the Ganzendiep branch up to the Goot fork was known as IJssel proper. Due to it being the historical main channel, with the present-day main channel being called Regtediep or Rechterdiep until well into the twentieth century. The IJssel, although now technically "merely" a Rhine branch, has retained most of the character of a distinct river in its own right, in no small part due to the fact that it has its own tributaries and, in river Oude IJssel, even a former headstream.				[up]